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Ingrid E. Newkirk (born June 11, 1949) is an English-born British-American animal rights activist and the president of People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), the world's largest animal rights organization.〔("Ingrid Newkirk: Animal Rights Crusader" ), ''Encyclopaedia Britannica's Advocacy for Animals'', April 30, 2007. Retrieved July 1, 2010.〕 She is the author of several books, including ''Making Kind Choices'' (2005) and ''The PETA Practical Guide to Animal Rights: Simple Acts of Kindness to Help Animals in Trouble'' (2009). Newkirk has worked for the animal-protection movement since 1972. Under her leadership in the 1970s as the District of Columbia's first female poundmaster, legislation was passed to create the first spay/neuter clinic in Washington, D.C., as well as an adoption program and the public funding of veterinary services, leading her to be among those chosen in 1980 as Washingtonians of the Year.〔For Newkirk's background, see Guillermo, Kathy Snow. ''Monkey Business''. National Press Books, 1993, pp. 34-37. *For a list of Washingtonians, see ("Past Washingtonians of the Year" ), ''The Washingtonian''. Retrieved July 1, 2010.〕 Newkirk founded PETA in March 1980 with fellow animal rights activist Alex Pacheco. They came to public attention in 1981, during what became known as the Silver Spring monkeys case, when Pacheco photographed 17 macaque monkeys being experimented on inside the Institute of Behavioral Research in Silver Spring, Maryland. The case led to the first police raid in the United States on an animal research laboratory and to an amendment in 1985 to the Animal Welfare Act. Since then, Newkirk has led campaigns to stop the use of animals in crash tests, convinced companies to stop testing cosmetics on animals, pressed for higher welfare standards from the meat industry, and organized undercover investigations that have led to government sanctions against companies, universities, and entertainers who use animals.〔For the Safeway story, see ("After losing 'Shameway' label, Safeway now praised by PETA" ), ''Business Times, February 22, 2008. *Examples of the undercover investigations: *For University of Pennsylvania, see Carbone, Larry. (''What Animals Want: Expertise and Advocacy in Laboratory Animal Welfare Policy'' ). Oxford University Press, 2004, p. 90. *Rudacille, Deborah. (''The Scalpel and the Butterfly: The Conflict between Animal Research and Animal Protection'' ). University of California Press 2000, pp. 145–147. *For Bobby Berosini, see Hearne, Vicki. (''Can an ape tell a joke?'' ), ''Harpers'', November 1, 1993. *("High court throws out $4.2 million judgment animal trainer won in libel, privacy suit" ), The Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press, February 22, 1994, accessed June 26, 2010, and ("PETA v. Bobby Berosini" ), Supreme Court of Nevada, May 22, 1995, accessed June 28, 2010. *For Belcross Farm, see ("PETA probe spurs indictment of three for cruelty to pigs" ), Associated Press, July 9, 1999.〕 She is known, in particular, for the media stunts that she organizes to draw attention to animal-protection issues. In her will, for example, she has asked that her skin be turned into wallets, her feet into umbrella stands, and her flesh into "Newkirk Nuggets," then grilled on a barbecue.〔Millard, Rosie. ("A human carrot in bright orange felt walks in, announcing itself as "Chris P Carrot'" ), ''New Statesman'', October 6, 2003.〕 "We are complete press sluts", she told ''The New Yorker'' in 2003. "It is our obligation. We would be worthless if we were just polite and didn't make any waves."〔Specter, Michael. ("The Extremist: The woman behind the most successful radical group in America" ), ''The New Yorker'', April 14, 2003.〕 Although PETA takes a gradualist approach to improving animal welfare, Newkirk remains committed to ending animal use and the idea that, as PETA's slogan says, "animals are not ours to eat, wear, experiment on, or use for entertainment."〔 Some animal rights abolitionists, most notably Gary Francione, have criticized PETA, calling it and other groups "the new welfarists."〔Francione, G. L. ''Rain without thunder: The ideology of the animal rights movement''. Temple University Press, 1996.〕 Some members of the animal advocacy movement have responded that Francione's position is unnecessarily divisive.〔 Bockman, Jon. ("Welfarists or Abolitionists? Division Hurts Animal Advocacy" ), Animal Charity Evaluators, March 17, 2015.〕 Newkirk has also been criticized for her support of actions carried out in the name of the Animal Liberation Front. Newkirk's position is that the animal rights movement is a revolutionary one and that "()hinkers may prepare revolutions, but bandits must carry them out."〔Newkirk, Ingrid. "The ALF: Who, Why, and What?", ''Terrorists or Freedom Fighters? Reflections on the Liberation of Animals''. Best, Steven & Nocella, Anthony J (eds). Lantern 2004, p. 341./〕 PETA itself, however, "maintains a creed of nonviolence and does not advocate actions in which anyone, human or nonhuman, is injured."〔 ("Does PETA advocate the use of violence?" ), PETA.org.〕 Newkirk and PETA have also been criticized for euthanizing many of the animals taken into PETA's shelters,〔 and PETA has responded to this line of criticism.〔Killoran, Ellen. , ''International Business Times'', April 5, 2013.〕 ==Background== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ingrid Newkirk」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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